The 5 Stages of Kidney Disease, Explained

Kidney disease is a silent yet significant health concern affecting millions worldwide. It doesn’t often make headlines like other chronic conditions, but its impact is profound, influencing every aspect of human life.

Read on to learn more about this condition and explore the stages of kidney disease, shedding light on what it means for those affected and offering insights into prevention and management.

What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. CKD is also known as chronic renal disease and includes conditions that damage your kidneys and decrease their ability to keep you healthy by accomplishing their primary function: filtering waste products and excess fluid from your blood.

When the kidneys fail to function effectively, harmful levels of fluid, electrolytes, and waste that would normally be excreted through urine can build up in the body. This may result in complications like high blood pressure, anemia (low blood count), weak bones, and nerve damage. These problems may happen slowly over a long period, making early detection and treatment essential.

Chronic kidney disease may be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, and other disorders. Kidney disease also increases your risk of having heart and blood vessel disease. When kidney disease progresses to more severe CKD stages, it may eventually lead to kidney failure, which requires regular dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life.

The 5 Stages of Kidney Disease

CKD progresses through five distinct stages of kidney disease. But, what are the CKD stages and how do each indicate the severity of kidney damage and function. Let’s take a closer look:

Stage 1: Kidney Damage with Normal Function

In Stage 1, there is evidence of kidney damage, but the kidneys still function at a normal or near-normal level. Symptoms are often absent, making this CKD stage difficult to detect without specific testing. Monitoring at this stage focuses on controlling blood pressure, maintaining a healthy weight, and regular follow-ups with healthcare providers to prevent progression.

During stage 1, you will have an eGFR of 90 or greater and signs of kidney damage. An eGFR of 90 indicates that your kidneys are working well, but there are minor signs of kidney damage.

Stage 2: Kidney Damage with Mild Decrease in Function

Stage 2 CKD is characterized by mild kidney damage with an eGFR between 60 and 89, along with a slight decline in function. Some people may begin to experience symptoms such as fatigue or changes in urination patterns.

Regular check-ups and lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes and exercise, are crucial to slowing disease progression during the early CKD stages.

Stage 3: Moderate Decrease in Kidney Function

In Stage 3, moderate kidney function loss occurs. This stage is divided into 3A and 3B CKD stages, depending on the severity. Stage 3a is specifically divided into an eGFR of between 45 and 59, while 3b indicates an eGFR of between 30 and 44.

Symptoms become more apparent, including swelling in the hands and feet, back pain, and high blood pressure. It’s essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to manage symptoms and complications effectively.

Stage 4: Severe Decrease in Kidney Function

Stage 4 signifies severe kidney function loss. By the time you reach stage 4 kidney disease, you have an eGFR that is between 15 and 29.

Individuals may experience noticeable symptoms, including anemia, bone disease, and cardiovascular issues. Preparation for potential kidney replacement therapy, such as dialysis or a kidney transplant, becomes a focus. Close monitoring and specialist care are essential at this stage.

Stage 5: Kidney Failure

The most severe of the stages of kidney disease, Stage 5, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), indicates total kidney failure. This stage is characterized by an estimated eGFR of below 15.

At this point, the kidneys have lost nearly all their ability to function effectively. Symptoms are severe, and treatment options include dialysis or a kidney transplant. Immediate medical attention and comprehensive care are crucial to managing this stage.

Take a proactive step in safeguarding your kidney health—schedule a consultation today.

The Facts About Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

CKD is a significant public health issue, with statistics highlighting its widespread impact. Here are some key facts:

37 million American adults are estimated to have CKD—that’s 15% of the population.
Early detection of the CKD stages can help prevent the progression of kidney disease to kidney failure.
Heart disease is the major cause of death for all people with CKD.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best estimate of kidney function.
Hypertension causes CKD, and CKD causes hypertension, one contributing to the other.
Persistent proteinuria (protein in the urine) is an indication that CKD is present.
High-risk groups include those with diabetes, hypertension, and a family history of kidney failure.
Testing for blood pressure, urine albumin, and serum creatinine can help detect CKD.
Approximately 90% of people with CKD are estimated to be unaware of their condition.
CKD is associated with substantial healthcare costs, particularly in advanced stages.
The later stages of kidney disease can advance relatively quickly, making early detection and management critical.

What are the Symptoms of CKD?

Symptoms & stages of kidney disease often develop gradually throughout the CKD, and most people may not have any severe symptoms until their kidney disease is advanced. However, you may notice that you:

feel more tired and have less energy
have trouble concentrating
have a poor appetite
have trouble sleeping
have swollen feet and ankles
have dry, itchy skin
need to urinate more often, especially at night
experience shortness of breath

Understanding these symptoms can prompt earlier diagnosis and intervention. Once kidney disease advances further into the later stages of kidney disease, more serious symptoms may occur, including:

Nausea and vomiting
Significant loss of appetite
Severe fatigue and weakness
Increased sleep problems
Significant changes in urination frequency and color
Muscle twitches and cramps
Increased swelling of feet and ankles
Persistent itching

How are Kidney Diseases Measured?

GFR—glomerular filtration rate is the best test to measure your level of kidney function and determine which of the stages of kidney disease you’re experiencing. Your kidney specialist can calculate it from the results of your blood creatinine test, your age, race, gender, and other factors.

Other helpful measurements include urine albumin, blood pressure, serum creatinine, and electrolyte levels. The earlier kidney disease is detected, the better the chance of slowing or stopping its progression to more severe CKD stages.

Signs of Increased Risk

Anyone can get chronic kidney disease at any age. However, some people are more likely than others to develop kidney disease. You may have an increased risk for kidney disease if you:

have diabetes
have high blood pressure
have a family history of kidney failure
are 60 years or older
belong to a population group that has a high rate of diabetes or high blood pressure, such as African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and American Indians.

What Happens If My Test Results Show I May Have Chronic Kidney Disease?

Your kidney specialist will want to pinpoint your diagnosis and check your kidney function to help plan your treatment. The doctor may do the following:

Calculate your Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), which is the best way to tell how much kidney function you have. Your GFR tells your doctor where you are in the stages of kidney disease and helps the doctor plan your treatment.
Perform an ultrasound or CT scan to get a picture of your kidneys and urinary tract. This tells your doctor whether your kidneys are too large or too small, whether you have a problem like a kidney stone or tumor, and whether there are any problems in the structure of your kidneys and urinary tract.
In some cases, perform a kidney biopsy, which is done to check for a specific type of kidney disease, or to see how much kidney damage has occurred and help plan treatment. To do a biopsy, the doctor removes small pieces of kidney tissue and looks at them under a microscope.

Your doctor may also ask you to see a kidney specialist who will consult on your case and help manage your care.

How to Cope with CKD

Receiving a diagnosis of CKD can be overwhelming, but it’s crucial to take proactive steps in managing your health. If test results suggest CKD, your healthcare provider will work with you to develop a treatment plan. Treatment for CKD focuses on slowing the progression of the disease, managing symptoms, and minimizing complications.

Living with CKD requires adjustments, but with the right support, individuals can maintain a good quality of life. Here are some steps that can help manage CKD and reduce your chances of advancing to higher stages of kidney disease:

Educate Yourself: Learn about CKD, treatment options, and lifestyle changes.
Regular Monitoring: Frequent blood and urine tests to track kidney function.
Lifestyle Modifications: Diet, exercise, and weight management tailored to your needs.
Medication Management: Controlling blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol.
Specialist Referrals: Consulting with a nephrologist for expert care.
Stay Engaged: Regularly communicate with your healthcare team.
Seek Support: Join support groups to connect with others facing similar challenges.
Prioritize Health: Follow prescribed diets, medications, and lifestyle recommendations.

Providing Expert Care for Chronic Kidney Disease

At Texas Kidney Institute, we are committed to offering comprehensive, compassionate care for individuals with CKD. Our team of experienced nephrologists works closely with patients to develop personalized treatment plans that prioritize well-being and quality of life.

If you’re seeking expert care or wish to learn more about managing the stages of kidney disease, connect with our specialists at Texas Kidney Institute. Whether you’re newly diagnosed or seeking a second opinion, we’re here to support you every step of the way.

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